Exception: Could not find closing tag </standard:image>


Debug Info:
- $strSnippet: 'Garantía inmejorable</strong><br /></strong></p> <p> <standard:image src="/media/commerce_products/137572/Untitled-design-2023-05-18T083653.548-_1_.png" data-width="50px" data-height="auto" natural-width="500" natural-height="500" width="500" height="500" /><strong>Pago seguro</strong></p> <p><strong><br /></strong>El método de pago más seguro del mundo</p>'

in /usr/lib/php/Oncord/beta/Framework/DOM/Features/Controls/TokenHandler/TokenHandler.inc.php line 176