Exception: Could not find closing tag </standard:image>


Debug Info:
- $strSnippet: 'Nombre del producto</strong>: Mordedor de silicona para bebé Plove Cut Tamaño: como en la imagen. Peso: 41 g. Chicle dental x1 unidad. Imagen del producto: src="https://cc-west-usa.cjdropshipping.com/16991424/1721155324221722624.jpg?x-oss-process=image/format,webp" /><estándar:imagen src="https://cc-west-usa.cjdropshipping.com/16991424/1721155324364328960.jpg?x-oss-process=image/format,webp" /><estándar:imagen src="https://cc-west-usa.cjdropshipping.com/16991424/1721155324687290368.jpg?x-oss-process=image/format,webp" /><estándar:imagen src="https://cc-west-usa.cjdropshipping.com/16991424/1721155324829896704.jpg?x-oss-process=image/format,webp" /><standard:image src="https://cc-west-usa.cjdropshipping.com/16991424/1721155325744254976.jpg?x-oss-process=image/format,webp" /> </p>'

in /usr/lib/php/Oncord/beta/Framework/DOM/Features/Controls/TokenHandler/TokenHandler.inc.php line 176